Franz Hartmann is a student of Medicine at Munich.
Ballarat, Australia. There was a Memphis Lodge here at this time.
8 January. Boullan and Chevalier are reported as having sacrificed their infant child during a Black Mass held in 1860. If Boullan actually committed the crime, he seems to have escaped prosecution. It is true that he was suspended from his offices as priest at this time, but this was reversed after a few months.
New York. Marconis goes to New York to supervise matters.
14 July. Troy, New York. Grand Lodge established by Marconis.
1 September. Another reference to the Rite of Misraim is found in the Freemasons' Magazine and Masonic Monitor, issue dated 1 September 1860. "Misraimite Masonry. Is Hiram Abiff recognized under Misraim? He is......."
In the Masonic Pantheon, Marconis records that the New York Chapter of the Masonic Rite of Memphis included the number of 100 Past Masters, under the rule of the Illustrious Brother David MacClellan.
Alliance Israelite Universelle had arisen in 1860, having for its ultimate object "the great work of humanity, the annihilation of error and fanaticism, the union of human society in a faithful and solid fraternity" -- the formula singularly reminiscent of Grand Orient philosophy.
British and French lay seige to Beijing and burn temples and shrines. Treaty of Tientsin allows Britain control of 7/8 of China trade.
Introduction of anti-biotics and immunization into the US. (Thru 1896).
British import 58,681 chests of opium to China.
United States Government begins a 30 year period of genocide against native American Indians in order to acquire land. Hundreds of thousands of people are rounded up, killed, or relocated to outdoor concentration camps (reservations).
Encyclopaedia Britannica (8th Edition) states "nothing is more likely to prove hurtful to the cause of vaccination and render the public careless of securing to themselves its benefits, than the belief that they would require to submit to re-vaccination every 10 to 15 years". Later, in the 11th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the policy would change: "it is desirable that vaccination should be repeated at the age of 7 to 10 years, and thereafter at intervals during life".
Abraham Lincoln elected as President of the United States.
Senate Report on Crime in Washington DC.
Electric storage battery invented and Cesium is discovered.
Food and Drug Act in England established.
14 March. Paris. Eliphas Levi became a Freemason, initiated at the Lodge Rose du Parfait Silence. M. Caudet was the Venerable. "In his reception speech, Eliphas Levi, to the great astonishment of his auditors, little inclined to paradoxes, made the following statement:
'I come to bring you your lost traditions, the exact knowledge of your signs and emblems, and in consequence to show you the aim for the attainment of which your association has been constituted.'
He then tried to demonstrate to his coreligionists that Masonic Symbolism is borrowed from the Cabala. It was time wasted. No one believed him." -- Paul Chacornac, Eliphas Levi. Actually, Albert Pike was interested. So interested, in fact, that he provided the world with the first English language translations of Levi's works, primarily for inclusion in Degree Lectures for the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, for the Southern Jurisdiction. In Morals and Dogma, as well as the private series of Degree Lectures, known as the Legendas, or famous and highly valuable Sepher Ha Debarim, or The Book of the Words. Some prominent Freemasons listened, and we are fortunate that they did. Though it must be said that a lot of the Lucifer controversy surrounding the name of Albert Pike, then as well as now, was created by Levi, in Levi's writings. Pike did not have a Luciferian or Palladian Shrine in Charleston where the flaming skull of Jacques B. DeMolay pronounced oracles every 11 March, and 'auxiliary' lodges of women initiated into the arts of prostitution, after the fashion of cult prostitutes in Ancient times, known as "The Pink Serpents." But...hey, if they did, it is not the business of the hack writers to make careers out of denouncing such things. Not all things are for all people.
Just before his second visit to England in 1861, Eliphas Levi carried out some alchemical experiments with one of his pupils, Dr. Fernand Rozier (1839 - 1922), who became later a friend of Dr. Gerard Encausse (Papus).
Eliphas Levi visited London in 1861, just after his initiation into Freemasonry, in the company of his pupil and protector, the Count Alexander Braszynsky, an alchemist who had a laboratory in the castle of Beauregard at Villeneuv Saint-Georges, Mme. Balzac's home. The Count Braszynsky was, like Levi, a friend of Lord Bulwer-Lytton, and the two men went to stay at his castle, Knebworth, in Hertfordshire.
April. London. The Earl de Grey and Ripon was appointed Deputy G. M.
December. Paris. Mackenzie visits Eliphas Levi in Paris, recording his impressions of the occasion as An Account of What Passed between Eliphas Levi Zahed (Abbé Constant), Occult Philosopher, and BAPHOMETUS (Kenneth R. H. Mackenzie), Astrologer and Spiritualist, in the City of Paris, December, 1861. It is said that Mackenzie and Levi hit it off. Levi having a few pranks on the awe-stricken Mackenzie, who in one anecdotal reference, mistook Levi's tobacco jar for a statuette of Isis. It is said that Levi became an initiate of SRIA through his contact with Mackenzie. Levi found Mackenzie very intelligent but excessively involved with Magic and spiritualism.
Boullan and Chevalier were jailed for fraud at this time. On his conviction, Boullan was yet again suspended from his priestly duties, but once more the decision was reversed. After his release from prison he voluntarily presented himself to the Holy Office (i.e., the Inquisition) in Rome, which found no fault in him and let him return to Paris. While in Rome Boullan wrote his doctrines down in a notebook (known as the cahier rose, after the color of the cover), which was found by the writer Joris Karl Huysmans among his papers after his death in 1893. The precise details of the contents are unknown -- though it was described as a 'shocking document' -- and it is now in the Vatican Library, locked away, and all applications to see it are refused. It would seem that the Church was protecting him. It issued the instruction that he should not be harassed, and there are hints that he possessed some kind of secret that protected him. He might have been an agent provocateur, establishing an underground organization and infiltrating Vintras' cultus, with the sole object of bringing it down. After his return from Rome, he joined Vintras' Church of Carmel and became its leader. This caused a schism: those cult members who did accept him accompanied him to Lyons, where they set up their headquarters. Wild scenes of license followed....which may seem at odds (but only on the surface) with his declaration that he was the reincarnation of John the Baptist.
US Civil War begins. Morgans, Armours and Vanderbilts make a fortune from the conflict.
Bank Panic of 1861. Banks refuse to loan US money.
United States introduces passport system.
8 January. London. The Grand Lodge voted an Address of Condolence to the Queen on the death of her Consort on 14th December 1861.
New York. Sovereign Sanctuary of Memphis chartered. How many Memphis Sanctuaries have we chartered in New York, by this time? According to the Chronology, we have New York Sanctuaries and Councils and Grand Lodges were established or chartered or inaugurated in 1854, 1856, 1857, and 1860. Marconis applies to the Grand Orient to give the Rite of Memphis a new life.
21 July. Harry J. Seymour's Cerneau charter of 21 July 1862.
July. The Provincial Grand Master of East Lancashire Brother Stephen Blair, laid the foundation of a Masonic Hall at Manchester, the necessary funds being raised by a Company of Shareholders.
November. Paris. Rite of Memphis admitted to the Grand Orient. High Degrees shelved, and Marconis divested of any authority. Antient and Primitive Rite submitted to the Grand Orient. In America, authority was vested in Harry J. Seymour, by Letters Patent granted to him by the executive chiefs of the Rite in Paris. According to Howe, Samuel Honis surrendered the Rite of Memphis to the Grand Orient at this time, relinquishing any jurisdiction over it. The Grand Orient regularised its French members by recognising them as Craft Masons and placed all its higher degrees upon what it hoped was a conveniently high shelf. Marconis, however, did not keep faith with the Grand Orient, and dispensed warrants outside France, claiming that his renunciation only applied to France itself. Wouldn't you?
3 December. It was resolved to revise the numbering of the Lodges, thus eliminating the vacancies occurring since 1832.
Gould on the Rite of Memphis at this time:
"It will be recollected that in 1862 J. E. Marconis abdicated his position as Grand Universal Hierophant, in favor of the Grand Orient of France. According, however, to the Official Bulletin already quoted, 'long before Marconis treated for the transmission of the Rite to the G. O. of France, he constituted in Cairo the Lodge Menes, and in Alexandria founded a Supreme Council of the Order, with the distinctive title of Grand Orient of Egypt, with authority to confer from the first to the ninetieth degree, and to found Lodges, Chapters, Areopagi, Senates, and Consistories.' Upon these (and other) premises, therefore, it is laid down in the same publication, that the course adopted by Marconis was illegal, that he could not cede a Rite which was entrusted to him only as a sacred deposit to be preserved, etc."
In 1862 Marconis gave the highest degree of the Order to Illustrious Brother Harry J. Seymour, with a Charter empowering him to act as Grand Master of a Sovereign Sanctuary for the Continent of America.
At length Marconis surrendered the title of Grand Hierophant, and vested the control of the A & P Rite in the Grand Orient of France (See above).
Gibraltar. Irwin appears to have remained in Gibraltar until 1862 and fromt here may have gone to Malta. He can next be traced to Devonport (Plymouth), where he joined the St. Aubyn Lodge No. 954 on 11 April 1865. It is likely that it was he who introduced the Knight of Constantinople degree to English Freemasonry in that year.
In 1862 appeared a work entitled The Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua Critically Examined, its author being Colenso, Anglican Bishop of Natal, in South Africa. He had formerly been highly esteemed as fellow and tutor at Cambridge, master at Harrow, author of various valuable textbooks in mathematics; and as long as he exercised his powers within the limits of popular orthodoxy he was evidently in the way to the highest positions in the Church: but he chose another path. His treatment of his subject was reverent, but he had gradually come to those conclusions, then so daring, now so widespread among Christian scholars, that the Pentateuch, with much valuable historical matter, contains much that is unhistorical; that a large portion of it was the work of a comparatively late period in Jewish history; that many passages in Deuteronomy could only have been written after the Jews settled in Canaan; that the Mosaic law was not in force before the captivity; that the books of Chronicles were clearly written as an afterthought, to enforce the views of the priestly caste; and that in all the books there is much that is mythical and legendary. The bishop's statements, which now seem so moderate, then aroused horror. Especial wrath was caused by some of his arithmetical arguments, and among them those which showed that an army of six hundred thousand men could not have been mobilized in a single night; that three millions of people, with their flocks and herds, could neither have obtained food on so small and arid a desert as that over which they were said to have wandered during forty years, nor water from a single well... He saw the especial peril of sham explanations, of covering up facts which must soon be known, and which, when revealed, must inevitably bring the plain people of England to regard their teachers, even the most deserving, as 'solemnly constituted impostors' -- ecclesiastics whose tenure depends on assertions which they know to be untrue. Therefore it was that when his catechumens questioned him regarding some of the Old Testament legends the bishop determined to tell the truth. But none of these considerations availed in his behalf at first. The outcry against the work was deafening: churchmen and dissenters rushed forward to attack it. Archdeacon Denison, chairman of the committee of Convocation appointed to examine it, uttered a noisy anathema. Convocation solemnly condemned it; and a zealous colonial bishop, relying on nominal supremacy, deposed and excommunicated its author, declaring him 'given over to Satan.'
Harry J. Seymour organizes a Supreme Council of the Cerneau Rite. Expelled by the Grand Orient of France.
Act of 1862 authorizes the issuance of 150 million in legal tender US notes, later known as "Lincoln Greenbacks". Other issuances in 1862 and 1863 amount to a total of 450 million. Bankers receive no interest from this and plot revenge. An article in the London Times advises that the US government must be destroyed lest it become prosperous beyond precedent.
Abraham Lincoln outlaws the trade in Chinese coolies (laborer/slaves).
Mexico. The National Mexican Rite appears to have somewhat recovered from its torpor in 1863. At this time we find in the metropolis a National Grand Lodge with six working Lodges, though of these one -- belonging to the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite -- was constituted by the Grand Lodge of New Granada, and consisted chiefly of foreigners; in Toluca a Provincial Grand Lodge with five Lodges; in Vera Cruz and Guadalajara two Lodges each; and in five other cities single Lodges.
Ernest Renan published his famous Vie de Jésus. This had been written in Syria, at the urging of his sister, Henriette. She had died at Amshit, near Byblos, the previous year, 24 September. Renan had been sent to Syria on an archaeological mission, in the summer of 1860. He published a number of works dealing with Phoenician inscriptions. The Life of Jesus was the first in a large series of works on the history of Christianity. This was entitled Histoire des Origines du Christianisme, including La Vie de Jésus(1862), Les Apôtres (1866), St. Paul (1869), Les Évangiles et la Seconde Genération Chrétienne (1877), L'Église Chrétienne (1879), and Marc Aurèle et la Fin du Monde Antique (1880). He died in 1892. His works, more than any others, perhaps, would influence what eventually became known as Modernism. We must state that his predecessor in this field was, to be sure, Bishop Colenso, (see entry for 1862), who paved the way for all the others. Ernest Renan was a theological student at St. Sulpice.
Gatling gun invented.
National Banking Act passed by British sympathizers, authorizing a private corporation to issue US money. Protested by Lincoln. Currency issued by depositing "government bonds" with the US Treasury. Bonds are secured by a first lien on all physical property within the nation and a first lien on national income.
Congress taxes private banknotes out of existence.
National Academy of Sciences founded in Washington DC.
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation frees 3 million slaves in the US.
Second major epidemic of smallpox in England lasts until 1865. 20,000 die.
27 April. London. It had been in contemplation to improve the Masonic Hall, London, by separating the Tavern entirely from that portion used for Grand Lodge purposes, and on this date the Earl of Zetland, G. M., laid the foundation stone of the new building which was completed for Masonic purposes in 1866.
3 November. Manchester. The Masonic Hall at Manchester was opened by the Prov. Grand Master on this date. In 1864, La Ruche reports, "We are happy to announce that the Brothers George Phillipesco and Constantine Cretziano have merited by their zeal and their good Masonic conduct l'Alidee."
First Internationale taken over by Karl Marx. In 1864, Karl Marx obtained control of the two-year old "International Working Men's Association," by which a number of secret societies ha dbecome absorbed, and in the same year Bakunin founded his Alliance Sociale Democratique...on the exact lines of Weishaupt's Illuminism...
Decazeville, Aveyron, France. Emma Calvé, operatic singer, was born at Decazeville, Aveyron, in 1864, and trained in Paris. It might be worth noting that Calvé is a stage name, for her real name is listed as Emma de Roquer.
Maurice Joly publishes Dialogues aux Enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu. Maurice Joly (1831-1878), was born at Lons-le-Saulnier. His mother, née Florentine Corbara Courtois, was a Corsican of Italian origin and a Roman Catholic. Her father, Laurent Courtois, had been paymaster general of Corsica. He had an inveterate hatred of Napoleon I. Joly's father was Philippe Lambert Joly, born at Dieppe, Normandy. He had a comfortable fortune and had been attorney general for the department of Jura for a period of 10 years under Louis Philippe. Maurice Joly was educated at Dijon and began his law studies there, but in 1849 he left for Paris. There, thanks to his maternal grandfather's masonic associations, he secured, just before the Coup d'Etat in 1851, a post in the Ministry of the Interior under M. Chevreau. In 1860 only, he terminated his law studies, -- he wrote several articles, showed a certain amount of talent and ended by founding a paper called Le Palais for lawyers and attorneys. The principal stockholders were Jules Favre, Desmaret, Leblond, Adolphe Cremieux, Arago, and Berryer. Joly was a Socialist. He wrote of himself: "Socialism seems to me one of the forms of a new life for the peoples emancipated from the traditions of the Old World. I accept a great many of the solutions offered by Socialism but I reject Communism either as a social factor or as a political institution. Communism is but a school of Socialism. In politics I understand extreme means to gain one's ends. In that, at least, I am a Jacobin." Friend of Adolphe Cremieux, he shared in his hatred of Napoleon III. He hated absolutism as much as he hated Communism and as, under the influence of his Prime Minister Rouher, the French Emperor led a policy of reaction, Maurice Joly qualified it as Machiavellian and depicted it as such in his pamphlet. In one of his books he wrote: "Machiavelli represents the policy of Might compared to Montesquieu's, which represents the policy of Right -- Machiavelli will be Napoleon III who will himself depict his abominable policy." According to HBHG, Joly was a friend of Victor Hugo, and Hugo shared Joly's hatred of Napoleon III. It is also said that Joly came from Memphis/Misraim in Paris. If so, then Hugo and Joly were probably connected during the period of exile in Jersey, when the French refugees emigrated to Jersey, and established a Misraim Lodge there, one of the most prominent people in the camp was Victor Hugo. Perhaps Joly was there, perhaps Venedy, too...
The Long Walk of the Navajos.
Pasteur invents pasteurization process for wine.
Dozens of oil refineries spring up in Cleveland, Ohio.
British opium trafficking produces 20 million from China in 1864.
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All Original Material (i.e., arrangement and interpretation),Copyright 1998-2001 e.v., Jonathan Sellers. All Rights Reserved.